
Why Dosage Matters: The Truth About Underpowered Supplements and What to Look For
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Ever felt a pre-workout fizzle out halfway through your session, or a recovery drink that didn’t seem to do anything? You’re not alone. Many athletes have been let down by supplements that look great on the label but fall short in the gym. The culprit is often under-dosed ingredients. In this post, we’ll explore why proper dosage is critical, highlight common ingredients that are often underpowered, and show how Rapid Supps formulates products like Rapid Pump, Rapid Shred, and Rapid Recovery at clinically effective dosages for real results. We’ll even compare typical doses vs. scientifically-backed amounts vs. what’s in our products (with a handy table!). By the end, you’ll know exactly what to look for in a supplement – and why sometimes paying a bit more up front can save you money (and workouts) in the long run.
The Problem with Underpowered Supplements
Walk into any supplement store or browse online, and you’ll see bold claims on pre-workouts, fat burners, and recovery drinks. Unfortunately, “proprietary blends” and half-strength formulas are common – meaning many products simply don’t contain enough of each active ingredient to be effective. In fact, research surveying popular pre-workouts found that many ingredients are under-dosed compared to evidence-based recommendations.
Supplement companies might sprinkle in trendy ingredients just so they can list them on the label, but at too low a dose to produce results. This practice is known as “label dressing” or fairy dusting.
Why do companies under-dose? Often it’s to cut costs – high-quality, patented ingredients at effective doses can be expensive. By using a fraction of the needed amount, they keep production costs (and the price tag) low. But the result is you, the athlete, getting short-changed. You might feel a minor effect or none at all, leading to frustration (“This fat burner isn’t doing anything!”) or taking extra scoops (which runs through your tub faster and can increase risk of side effects from other ingredients like stimulants).
Common Underdosed Ingredients (and Why It Matters)
Let’s highlight some common ingredients that are frequently underdosed in sports supplements, and what science says is needed for real benefits:
L-Citrulline Malate: A popular nitric oxide booster for muscle pumps and endurance. Many pre-workouts give only 2–4 g per serve, but studies show you need about 6–8 g to significantly enhance performance. One clinical trial found 8 grams of citrulline malate enabled subjects to perform ~53% more repetitions in the gym and cut muscle soreness by 40%. Under-dosed products with just a couple grams likely won’t move the needle.
Betaine (Trimethylglycine): Supports strength, power, and hydration in muscles. It’s often sprinkled in at ~1 g by cheaper brands. But research indicates 2.5 g per day is effective for improving muscle performance and body composition. Several studies have noted 2.5–5 g/day of betaine can boost muscle growth and reduce fat when combined with training. Anything much less may not deliver those ergogenic benefits.
Adaptogenic Mushrooms (Peak O₂™): This blend of performance mushrooms (e.g. Cordyceps, Reishi) increases endurance and oxygen use. Some products include a token 500 mg, but clinical doses are around 1–2 g daily. In fact, a study on Peak O₂ showed that 4 g per day for 3 weeks improved VO₂ max and time-to-exhaustion significantly. Even 1–2 g can be beneficial over time, but sub-1 g doses likely underdeliver on endurance gains.
VASO6™ (Green Tea Extract): A patented vasodilator for pumps. It’s costly, so brands might only add 100–150 mg – yet the human research was done at 300 mg, which showed a remarkable increase in blood vessel dilation (one report noted 50% vasodilation at 300 mg VASO6 vs only 5% from 7 g arginine!). To get those nitric oxide and pump effects, you need a substantial dose of VASO6. Underpowered pre-workouts skimping here won’t give the same vein-popping results.
Acetyl L-Carnitine (ALCAR): A staple in fat burners for its role in transporting fat into cells to burn as energy. Many fat-burners include it, but often just a few hundred milligrams. Clinical usage for fat metabolism and cognitive benefit is around 1–2 g. If your thermo supplement has only 500 mg, don’t expect a dramatic effect on fat oxidation – 1,000 mg+ daily is more aligned with what studies use (and what Rapid Shred provides).
Taurine: An amino acid for endurance and hydration, often in energy drinks and pre-workouts. Doses of 1–2 g are common in studies to improve performance and reduce muscle damage. Yet some formulas give only 500 mg. Ensuring a full gram or more of taurine can delay fatigue and aid recovery during intense training (Rapid Shred includes 1,000 mg for this reason).
Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs): Many recovery products tout BCAAs (leucine, isoleucine, valine), but quantity matters. Leucine is the key trigger for muscle protein synthesis – you need about 2–3 g of leucine to maximally stimulate muscle recovery and growth after exercise. If an EAA/BCAA blend has only 1 g leucine, it may fall short. Evidence shows around 6 g of essential amino acids (with ~3 g leucine) is sufficient to switch on muscle-building after workouts. Underdosing BCAAs means you might still be in a breakdown state when you thought you were helping recovery.
Patented Absorption Enhancers (AstraGin®): This ginseng/astragalus extract boosts absorption of amino acids, vitamins, and other nutrients. It’s often underused if included at all. A full 50 mg dose is clinically shown to increase amino acid uptake – for example, 50 mg of AstraGin raised arginine levels by ~17% and significantly increased nitric oxide production in a human trial. Using just 5 or 10 mg won’t likely provide noticeable benefits.
As you can see, dosing can make the difference between an effective supplement and expensive flavored water. Below is a quick comparison of typical doses found in many products (underdosed amounts), the clinically effective doses from research, and the doses used in Rapid Supps formulations:
Common Supplement Ingredients – Underdosed vs. Effective vs. Rapid Supps:
Ingredient (Product) | Typical Under-dosed Amount | Clinically Effective Dose | Rapid Supps Dosage |
---|---|---|---|
L-Citrulline Malate (Pump) | 2–4 g per serve | 6–8 g pre-workout (improves pumps & endurance) | 8 g (two scoops Rapid Pump) |
Betaine Anhydrous (Pump) | ~1.0–1.5 g | ~2.5 g daily (strength/power gains) | 3 g (two scoops Rapid Pump) |
Peak O₂™ Mushroom Blend (Pump) | 0.5–1.0 g | ~1–2 g daily; 4 g for significant VO₂ max boost |
2 g (two scoops Rapid Pump) |
VASO6™ (Green Tea Extract) (Pump) | 100–150 mg | ≥300 mg for nitric oxide boost (high vasodilation) |
600 mg (two scoops Rapid Pump) |
L-Tyrosine (Pump/Shred) | 250–500 mg | ~1,000 mg for focus under stress (often paired with caffeine) | 1,000 mg (in 2 scoops Pump; also in Shred) |
Acetyl L-Carnitine (Shred) | 250–500 mg | ~1,000–2,000 mg daily (fat metabolism & cognitive support) | 1,000 mg (per scoop Rapid Shred) |
Taurine (Shred) | 500 mg | ~1,000 mg+ for endurance/hydration support | 1,000 mg (per scoop Rapid Shred) |
Caffeine Anhydrous (Shred) | (Often adequately dosed, or excessive) | ~150–300 mg for performance (split lower with TeaCrine for no crash) | 150 mg (moderate, in Rapid Shred) |
TeaCrine® (Theacrine) (Shred) | 25–50 mg | ~100–150 mg for sustained energy & focus |
100 mg (per scoop Rapid Shred) |
NeuroFactor™ (Coffee Fruit) (Shred) | Rarely included; ~50 mg if so | 100 mg (shown to raise BDNF brain factors by ~143%) |
100 mg (per scoop Rapid Shred) |
AstraGin® (Shred) | 5–10 mg | 50 mg (enhances amino acid and vitamin absorption) |
50 mg (per scoop Rapid Shred) |
Leucine (BCAA) (Recovery) | 1–1.5 g | 2–3 g per serving (to trigger muscle protein synthesis) | 2.775 g (per scoop Rapid Recovery) |
Total BCAAs (Recovery) | ~3–4 g | ~5–6 g in 2:1:1 ratio (leucine-heavy for muscle building) |
5.55 g (per scoop Rapid Recovery) |
Essential Aminos (Total EAAs) (Recovery) | Only BCAAs or low EAAs | ~6–10 g all 9 EAAs (for optimal recovery & MPS) |
~7.8 g EAAs (incl. BCAAs) per scoop¹ |
¹ Rapid Recovery provides all 9 essential amino acids in proportions mimicking muscle tissue – 30 servings of ~10 g each, with ~7.8 g of EAAs (incl. 5.55 g BCAAs) per serving.
As the table shows, Rapid Supps isn’t shy about dosing ingredients at the levels research suggests. For instance, Rapid Pump’s full serving delivers 8 g Citrulline Malate (hitting the high end of the effective range), 3 g of Betaine, 2 g Peak O₂, and 600 mg VASO6 – doses you’d only otherwise get by double- or triple-scooping a typical pre-workout. Rapid Shred includes clinical doses of premium, patented ingredients like TeaCrine®, NeuroFactor™, and AstraGin® alongside tried-and-true ALCAR and taurine. Rapid Recovery packs in a leucine-rich EAA matrix to ensure your muscles have all the building blocks (and enough of them) to rebuild and grow post-workout.
Why Clinical Dosage and Quality Matter
You might be thinking: “Okay, so these products have more of everything. Why is that such a big deal? Can’t I just take two scoops of a cheaper pre-workout?” The issue comes down to efficacy, safety, and value:
Scientifically Proven Results: Using ingredients at the doses proven in studies means you’re more likely to feel and see the benefits. For example, the 300 mg of VASO6 in a clinical setting led to drastically improved blood flow. Rapid Pump gives you twice that amount in a max serving – which can translate to skin-splitting pumps and endurance that lives up to the hype. Under-dosed products often can’t claim those same proven results. When you use a correctly dosed supplement, you’re essentially replicating the protocol that produced real benefits in research – stacking the odds in your favour.
Ingredient Synergy at Proper Levels: Many modern formulas are “kitchen sink” blends of 10–20 ingredients. If each is included at half or a quarter of the effective dose, you end up with a pixie-dusted product where nothing hits the threshold to work. By contrast, formulating with fewer ingredients at full doses yields synergy without sacrifice. For instance, Rapid Shred’s 100 mg of TeaCrine® works in concert with 150 mg caffeine to provide smooth energy and focus for hours. This duo has been shown to keep people more alert, focused, and energetic than caffeine alone. At too low a dose, that synergy wouldn’t manifest – or you’d simply feel the caffeine. Similarly, you need a meaningful dose of AstraGin® (50 mg) to really enhance nutrient uptake; that’s how Rapid Shred ensures the 1 g of Carnitine and 1 g of Taurine you take are being well absorbed and utilised by your body.
Quality & Purity (Certificates of Analysis): Dose is one part of the equation – quality is the other. Reputable brands back their raw ingredients with Certificates of Analysis (CoAs) verifying purity and potency. This is especially crucial at higher dosages. For example, 8 grams of Citrulline Malate that’s 2:1 ratio, high-purity, will perform as expected (boosting nitric oxide and endurance). But 8 grams of a low-grade material could include fillers or contaminants. All the patented ingredients in Rapid Supps formulas (Peak O₂™, VASO6™, TeaCrine®, NeuroFactor™, AstraGin®, etc.) come from trusted developers with rigorous quality control. High purity means you get the full effect of the dose, and consistent results every scoop. Cheaper knock-offs may use generic versions that aren’t standardized – so even if they claim a certain dose, the active component might be less. When a company provides lab analyses, you can trust that what’s on the label is in the tub, every time.
Safety at Effective Doses: Another reason to heed clinical dosages is safety and tolerance. Ingredients like caffeine or synephrine are sometimes overdosed in stimulatory pre-workouts, which can lead to jitters, crashes, or worse. Non-stimulant actives, however, tend to have a wide safety range. Using them at studied levels ensures you’re not only getting benefits, but doing so without undue risk. For instance, theacrine (TeaCrine®) is known for not inducing tolerance or affecting blood pressure at doses up to ~300 mg. Rapid Shred’s 100 mg dose gives you sustained focus and energy without needing to constantly up the dose – and without spiking heart rate or causing the “habituation” that pure caffeine does. In short, proper dosing optimizes results safely.
Value for Money: It might seem counterintuitive, but fully-dosed supplements can be more cost-effective in the long run. If you buy a bargain pre-workout for $40 but it has half-doses, you might need to take 2 scoops to feel anything – now you’re getting only 15 effective servings, effectively doubling the cost per workout. Or worse, you finish the tub and never hit the performance gains you hoped for. On the other hand, a product that costs a bit more but delivers clinical doses means each serving counts. You’re paying for active ingredients that will actually help you progress. It’s like the difference between buying a cheap, low-potency multivitamin versus one that covers your bases – the one that works gives you more value from each dose. Many under-dosed supplements are ultimately more expensive per effective dose and less impactful, whereas properly dosed ones let you get results with the recommended serving (no need to double and triple scoop).
How Rapid Supps Delivers Clinically Dosed Performance
Rapid Supps was founded because we were fed up with the status quo of underpowered products. That’s why every formula is built around ingredients at proven-effective amounts, often using patented forms backed by research. Let’s take a closer look at our key products mentioned and how their ingredient profiles reflect an evidence-based approach:
Rapid Pump (Non-Stim Pre-Workout): Formulated to maximise blood flow, endurance, and strength without caffeine, Rapid Pump reads like an “all-star” clinical formula. You get 8,000 mg of Citrulline Malate for massive nitric oxide production – hitting the sweet spot found to significantly boost reps and reduce soreness. It’s complemented by Betaine Anhydrous at 3,000 mg, which aligns with studies suggesting improved power and body composition with ~2.5 g/day. We included Peak O₂™ at 2,000 mg to help increase your oxygen uptake and endurance; even half this dose taken daily can build up benefits, and 2 g ensures you’re on the right track (the full 4 g/day used in research showed impressive VO₂ max gains). VASO6™ at 600 mg in Rapid Pump is a headline dose – about double the amount that yielded significant vasodilation in trials. The result? Unbeatable muscle pumps and nutrient delivery during your workout. Add in 1,000 mg of L-Tyrosine for focus and Cell Charge™ fulvic minerals to aid cellular hydration and recovery, and you’ve got a pre-workout that’s truly maxed out – all without stimulants. This is perfect for evening trainers or anyone cycling off caffeine, as you still get tangible performance boosts minus the jitters or crash. (No wonder we often say one scoop of Rapid Pump feels like two or three of a run-of-the-mill pre-workout!)
Rapid Shred (Fat Burner): Rapid Shred is not your typical overheated, over-caffeinated fat burner. Instead, it takes a smarter approach: blend moderate stimulants with proven nootropic and metabolism-support ingredients at real doses. Each scoop provides 1,000 mg Acetyl L-Carnitine, enough to assist in mobilizing fat for energy and to potentially sharpen mental focus (ALCAR also crosses the blood-brain barrier to support brain function). You get 1,000 mg Taurine to help with exercise performance and cellular hydration – taurine can reduce muscle fatigue and soreness when dosed adequately. We use 150 mg of Caffeine – a moderate amount – paired with 100 mg of TeaCrine®. That combination has been shown to deliver clean, sustained energy: users report feeling alert and motivated for hours without the quick tolerance build-up or crash that caffeine alone can bring. In other words, Rapid Shred’s energy blend is designed for steady burn, much like a slow-release fuel, which is ideal when you’re dieting and energy is low. To further enhance focus and mood, NeuroFactor™ coffee fruit extract at 100 mg is included – the same dose that in research spiked BDNF (a growth factor for your brain) by an average of 143%, potentially helping with mental clarity and motivation. All those nutrients you’re ingesting are made more effective by 50 mg of AstraGin®, which as noted, can significantly improve absorption of amino acids like carnitine and even vitamins and glucose, supporting overall metabolism and gut health. Finally, Rapid Shred has a supportive cast of L-Tyrosine and L-Theanine (to keep you focused and calm), plus chromium and iodine to support metabolism. The end result is a fat-loss formula that actually delivers: users report enhanced thermogenesis (you’ll feel a gentle warmth and energy), a noticeable reduction in appetite, and better focus during workouts – all without the anxiety or nausea that some fat burners cause. Clinically dosed, jitter-free, and vegan-friendly, Rapid Shred shows that effective fat loss supplements don’t need to rely on extreme stimulant overdosing.
Rapid Recovery (EAA Formula): This recovery drink was designed to do two main jobs – reduce muscle breakdown and accelerate repair. That’s why we insisted on including all nine essential amino acids (EAAs) and at doses that count. Each 10 g scoop gives you a 2:1:1 BCAA ratio with 2.775 g Leucine, 1.388 g Isoleucine, 1.388 g Valine, plus another ~2.2 g of the other six EAAs (Lysine, Threonine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Histidine, Tryptophan). This adds up to about 7.8 g of EAAs per serving, very close to the 6–10 g range shown to stimulate muscle protein synthesis post-exercise. Leucine, the “anabolic trigger,” is well above the threshold (~2 g) needed to flip the muscle-building switch in your body – so you know your recovery is off to the right start. Many amino products on the market skimp on the expensive aminos (like tryptophan or phenylalanine) or just load up on cheap BCAAs alone. We opted for a comprehensive EAA profile because muscles need all the essential building blocks present to synthesize new protein. Taking EAAs in the correct ratio has been shown to create a positive muscle protein balance – essentially tipping you from catabolism (breakdown) to anabolism (building). We also focused on taste and mixability (Rapid Recovery is naturally flavoured and lightly sweetened with stevia), so it’s something you’ll enjoy drinking intra- or post-workout. Being informed by science doesn’t mean much if a product sits on your shelf – but our customers consistently praise how refreshing Rapid Recovery is, making it easy to sip during tough sessions. And with those dosing specs, you can feel the difference: reduced next-day soreness, less fatigue, and gradually improved training capacity as your muscles heal faster and stronger. Essentially, we dosed Rapid Recovery so that one scoop is enough – no need to double-scoop or add extra BCAAs on top. It’s your one-stop recovery fuel, designed to truly kick-start repair after exercise, just as an effective recovery drink should.
Choosing Effectiveness: What to Look For in Your Supplements
Whether or not you choose Rapid Supps products, we want you to approach any supplement purchase with a discerning eye. Here are a few take-home tips to ensure you’re getting a supplement that’s worth your hard-earned money and training efforts:
Check the Dosages: Compare the per-serving amounts of key ingredients to the ranges that have shown benefits in studies. If a pre-workout has 1 g of citrulline, it’s likely underpowered (as we saw, that’s far below the effective 6–8 g range). If a recovery drink has only BCAAs and no other EAAs, it might not fully support protein synthesis. Educate yourself with resources (many are freely available, including examine.com summaries or published papers) to know the ballpark effective doses for ingredients. We’ve included references in this post – use them! A little research can save you from buying into hype. Remember, more isn’t always better – but enough is crucial.
Look for Branded Ingredients and Research Backing: While generic ingredients can work, branded forms often come with additional quality assurance and research. For example, names like Creapure® (for creatine) or CarnoSyn® (for beta-alanine) indicate patented, purity-tested forms. In our case, PeakO₂, VASO6, TeaCrine, NeuroFactor, AstraGin are all trademarked for a reason – they’ve been studied and refined. If a product proudly lists such ingredients and the dosages, that’s a good sign the company cares about efficacy (and paid for the good stuff). Conversely, proprietary blends that hide amounts, or products that list a dozen fancy ingredients without telling you how much of each is inside, are waving a red flag. Transparency is key.
Consider the Effective Cost Per Serving: As mentioned, an initially cheaper tub might not actually be cheaper if you require multiple servings or if it’s so weak you get minimal results. Do the math: divide the price by the number of effective servings (which might be fewer than label servings if underdosed). Often you’ll find that investing in a properly dosed product gives you more value and better progress. It’s like buying a quality pair of running shoes that last 500 km vs. a cheap pair that wear out after 100 km – the upfront cost differs, but the value over time favors the quality product.
Quality and Testing: Reputable companies will often mention third-party testing, CGMP manufacturing, or provide CoAs if asked. Purity matters, especially if you’re an athlete who might get tested for banned substances or if you have sensitivities. Also, better quality can mean better flavor and mixability – high-grade amino acids, for example, tend to taste cleaner than low-grade ones. So don’t overlook the experiential aspect. If you enjoy taking your supplement, you’ll be consistent with it, and consistency is what yields results. Reading reviews can help; see if others felt a real difference or if they complained about having to double dose.
Science, Not Hype: Finally, approach outrageous marketing claims with skepticism. If something sounds too good to be true (“Gain 10kg of muscle in a month!” or “Melt fat overnight!”), it probably is. The truth is, supplements support your hard work – they don’t replace it. The best ones give you that extra edge: a few more reps, a faster recovery, a bit more focus or fat-burning each session, which compounds over weeks and months into better performance and physique. Look for products that cite scientific studies (and check if those citations actually back the claim). We believe an educated consumer is the best consumer. That’s why we wanted to write this article – not just to talk about Rapid Supps, but to raise the bar across the board. Demand more from your supplements.
Conclusion
In the world of sports nutrition, dosage is the difference between wasted potential and peak performance. Understanding why that extra 2 grams of an amino acid or that standardised plant extract matters will help you cut through the noise and invest in products that genuinely work. The supplement industry is evolving, with brands like Rapid Supps leading the charge toward clinically dosed, transparently labeled, quality-verified formulas. Both casual gym-goers and serious athletes deserve supplements that match their effort – no one trains to be average, so why accept average formulas?
The next time you’re shopping for a pre-workout or recovery drink, remember what you learned here. Flip that tub around, scrutinise the ingredient list and dosages, and choose the one that aligns with science, not just flashy marketing. Your body will thank you – with better workouts, PRs, and gains to show for it. At Rapid Supps, we’ll continue to uphold these principles in every product we make, because we’re athletes too, and we know firsthand how frustrating a under-dosed supplement can be and how exhilarating it feels when everything clicks thanks to optimal nutrition and training.
One Scoop or Two? Tailoring Your Dose to Your Size and Training Intensity
While Rapid Supps products are formulated so that one scoop delivers a clinically effective dose for most people, some individuals may benefit from adjusting based on their body size, training volume, or performance goals. As a general rule, those under ~70 kg or new to supplementation can start with one scoop to assess tolerance and effectiveness. Athletes over ~85 kg, or those engaged in intense or extended training sessions, may find that two scoops provides the optimal amount of active ingredients to fully support performance, recovery, or thermogenesis. Doubling up also ensures you're hitting the upper end of research-backed ranges for ingredients like citrulline, betaine, or Peak O₂™. Just keep in mind that with products containing caffeine (like Rapid Shred), it's best to monitor your total daily intake to avoid over-stimulation. The key is to listen to your body, and when in doubt, start with one scoop and build up based on how you respond.
In summary: Don’t settle for underpowered supplements. When you fuel your body with the right amounts of the right nutrients, the difference is night and day. Suddenly, you’re powering through that last set, recovering faster, and seeing progress that had stalled before. That’s the real “secret” – no magic, just science and consistency. Dosage matters, quality matters, and you matter – so make sure your supplements deliver on their promises. Here’s to making every scoop count!
References:
1. Dosage shortfalls in pre-workouts: Survey of top-selling pre-workout supplements found many ingredients were under-dosed relative to evidence-based recommendations.
2. Citrulline Malate (8 g) improves performance: Pérez-Guisado & Jakeman (2010) – 8 g citrulline malate increased bench press repetitions by ~52% and reduced muscle soreness by 40% vs placebo.
3. Betaine effective dose for muscle performance: MDPI CrossFit study intro (2020) – Notes multiple studies where 2.5–5 g/day betaine improved muscle composition and function.
4. Peak O₂™ enhances endurance: Trexler et al., JISSN conference (2015) – 3 weeks of 4 g/day Peak O₂ mushroom blend increased VO₂ max and time-to-exhaustion significantly vs placebo.
5. VASO6™ at 300 mg boosts vasodilation: Compound Solutions data – 300 mg VASO6 yielded 50% vasodilation compared to 5% from 7 g arginine, indicating superior nitric oxide production.
6. TeaCrine® + caffeine for focus/energy: Kuhman et al. (2015, Nutrients) – Theacrine+caffeine resulted in higher self-reported focus, alertness, and energy than caffeine or placebo, with no increase in heart rate.
7. Theacrine lacks tolerance effects: McLendon et al. (2021) – Unlike caffeine, theacrine (TeaCrine®) showed no development of tolerance or cardiovascular strain in humans (up to 8 weeks usage).
8. NeuroFactor™ coffee fruit and BDNF: Reyes-Izquierdo et al. (2013, Br. J. Nutr.) – Whole coffee fruit extract (100 mg) increased plasma BDNF by an average of 143% in healthy subjects, significantly more than control extracts.
9. AstraGin® improves amino absorption: Lin et al. (2023, Func. Foods Health Dis.) – 50 mg AstraGin with arginine led to +17.3% higher arginine AUC and +167% higher Arg/ADMA ratio (better nitric oxide potential) vs placebo.
10. 6 g EAAs stimulate muscle protein synthesis: Tipton & Wolfe (2002) – Ingestion of 6 g essential amino acids after resistance exercise significantly increased net muscle protein balance, showing non-essential AAs not required for acute MPS boost.